Able to inhibit the accumulation of ammonia in culture medium. When

Able to inhibit the accumulation of ammonia in culture medium. When tissue is present, ammonia also forms due to the metabolism of Gln (Newsholme and Newsholme, 1989) and other metabolites (metabolic ammonia). The accumulation of ammonia and 2-pyrrolidone-5-carboxylic acid can be reduced by substituting more stable dipeptides that can also be utilized by cells in vitro (Eagle, 1955). It has been suggested that these dipeptides are first hydrolyzed to extracellular peptidase secreted by the cultured cells (Christie and Butler, 1994). Roth et al. (1988) used AlnGln or GlyGln to prevent the deleterious effect of autoclaving RPMI medium, which contains Gln, on the growth of K562 cells. Since their study, these Gln-containing dipeptides have been used to replace Gln in media employed in the culture of other cell types (Christie and Butler, 1994). In conclusion, the results of our study demonstrate that dipeptides are involved in modulation of porcine oocyte maturation, fertilization and embryo development. The combination of AlaGlnGlyGln may be involved in reducing the accumulation of ammonia, and consequently in increasing the rates of maturation, fertilization, embryo development, and the glucose uptake with the treatment in the porcine embryo. Elsewhere, we have presented evidencethat replacing Gln with AlaGln and/or GlyGln, (2.0 mM) which is now being added to several commercial media formulations, can inhibit the accumulation of ammonia in embryo development culture media. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work was supported by the 2012 Yeungnam University Research Grant.
The application of nanomaterials as carrier systems to deliver imaging reagents and/or drugs has gained momentum in the medical field. Nanoparticles are advantageous because their large surface-area-to-volume ratio allows functionalization with multiple different payloads and ligands. Nanoparticles are used to partition cargos between diseased and healthy tissue,2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.*corresponding author: [email protected], 216 368 5590. Publisher’s Disclaimer: This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final citable form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.Yildiz et al.Pageideally avoiding healthy tissues or at least minimizing the accumulation of toxic substances in healthy organs.SP187 Disease targeting, such as cancer, is achieved making use of the unique biological features that distinguishes the tumor microenvironment from healthy cells.Sutimlimab For example, based on their size, nanoparticles home to solid tumors based on leaky tumor blood vessels and the resulting enhanced permeability and retention effect [1,2].PMID:23715856 Other targeting strategies include the use of receptor-specific ligands to direct the nanocarrier to receptors selectively over-expressed at the target disease site [3]. When it comes to cargo-loading and cargo-release, many different chemistries and mechanisms have been developed that control loading efficiency, affinity, and release rates; the choice of chemistry typically depends on the disease profile, cargo molecule, and carrier system of choice. Many different carrier systems are.