Rface area and prestin content. In Fig. 4 A, we plot AC-derived

Rface area and prestin content. In Fig. 4 A, we plot AC-derived (Eq. 1) and buy SB 202190 integration-derived (Eq. 2) sensor charge over a range of SB 202190 site interrogation times. Admittance interrogation time refers to the geometric mean of sampling periods of both primary and secondary sinusoids, whereas for integration estimates of sensor displacement charge, interrogation time refers to an integration window increasing up to 20 ms. It can be seen, as predicted from admittance measures alone, that as interrogation time increases, Qsp continuously increases. Integration times >20 ms suffered from excess low-frequency noise, since no averaging could be performed during data collections. Electrode seals were routinely lost after the demanding protocol, since the OHC is quite mechanically active, with responses up to 30 nm/mV (34) and on average 15 nm/mV (35). To extend our estimates of sensor charge beyond 20 ms, we resorted to measures of averaged electromotility (28), which were analyzed by fast Fourier transform, providing much better signal/noise ratios. Since it is established that eM is voltage-dependent (8,34), sensor charge2554 Biophysical Journal 110, 2551?561, June 7,Chloride Controls Prestin KineticsFIGURE 3 Voltage-dependent (Cv) and linear (Clin) components of OHC capacitance simultaneously measured with the multi-dual-sine approach. (A) Cv displays a low-pass frequency dependence, which is unexpected for a fast two-state Boltzmann process. Differences between 1 mM (red circles, n ?6) and 140 mM (blue circles, n ?17) chloride conditions also show chloride-dependent frequency effects. (B) Clin is flat across frequency, as expected. The frequency independence of Clin demonstrates that calibration of system responsiveness was accurately performed. (C and D) Vh and z are also stable across frequency. Error bars depict the mean 5 SE, which in some cases is obscured by symbols. The solid lines in (A) are exponential, and those in (B)?D) are linear fits for presentation. To see this figure in color, go online.must correspond to eM magnitude. In Fig. 4 B, we plot eM gain as a function of the stimulating-frequency period and show that it corresponds to measures of AC-determined sensor charge. Indeed, eM magnitude continues to grow substantially as interrogation time increases, clearly indicating that sensor charge for both the 140 and 1 mM conditions trends toward equivalence with longer interrogations. These data indicate that total sensor charge movement, Qmax, is not directly linked to chloride concentration; rather, only a frequency-dependent, apparent Qmax is linked, depending on the kinetics of prestin’s conformational transitions. It is not necessary to model these data to draw these conclusions. To understand molecular mechanisms that may underlie this phenomenon, we simulated the meno presto model (initially developed in (18) and expanded with full details in (24)) with the same protocol (Fig. 4 B, gray lines). Aswith the biophysical data, charge magnitude is dependent on interrogation time and chloride level. The model fits the data quite well, with increasing integration times (up to 200 ms in the model) incrementally increasing the charge measured. Importantly, for the model, estimated charge at either chloride level asymptotes at the actual set Qmax, with the time course depending on prestin’s transition rates. Modification of our model parameters (24) was limited to one parameter, namely, a reduction of the model’s forward transition rate con.Rface area and prestin content. In Fig. 4 A, we plot AC-derived (Eq. 1) and integration-derived (Eq. 2) sensor charge over a range of interrogation times. Admittance interrogation time refers to the geometric mean of sampling periods of both primary and secondary sinusoids, whereas for integration estimates of sensor displacement charge, interrogation time refers to an integration window increasing up to 20 ms. It can be seen, as predicted from admittance measures alone, that as interrogation time increases, Qsp continuously increases. Integration times >20 ms suffered from excess low-frequency noise, since no averaging could be performed during data collections. Electrode seals were routinely lost after the demanding protocol, since the OHC is quite mechanically active, with responses up to 30 nm/mV (34) and on average 15 nm/mV (35). To extend our estimates of sensor charge beyond 20 ms, we resorted to measures of averaged electromotility (28), which were analyzed by fast Fourier transform, providing much better signal/noise ratios. Since it is established that eM is voltage-dependent (8,34), sensor charge2554 Biophysical Journal 110, 2551?561, June 7,Chloride Controls Prestin KineticsFIGURE 3 Voltage-dependent (Cv) and linear (Clin) components of OHC capacitance simultaneously measured with the multi-dual-sine approach. (A) Cv displays a low-pass frequency dependence, which is unexpected for a fast two-state Boltzmann process. Differences between 1 mM (red circles, n ?6) and 140 mM (blue circles, n ?17) chloride conditions also show chloride-dependent frequency effects. (B) Clin is flat across frequency, as expected. The frequency independence of Clin demonstrates that calibration of system responsiveness was accurately performed. (C and D) Vh and z are also stable across frequency. Error bars depict the mean 5 SE, which in some cases is obscured by symbols. The solid lines in (A) are exponential, and those in (B)?D) are linear fits for presentation. To see this figure in color, go online.must correspond to eM magnitude. In Fig. 4 B, we plot eM gain as a function of the stimulating-frequency period and show that it corresponds to measures of AC-determined sensor charge. Indeed, eM magnitude continues to grow substantially as interrogation time increases, clearly indicating that sensor charge for both the 140 and 1 mM conditions trends toward equivalence with longer interrogations. These data indicate that total sensor charge movement, Qmax, is not directly linked to chloride concentration; rather, only a frequency-dependent, apparent Qmax is linked, depending on the kinetics of prestin’s conformational transitions. It is not necessary to model these data to draw these conclusions. To understand molecular mechanisms that may underlie this phenomenon, we simulated the meno presto model (initially developed in (18) and expanded with full details in (24)) with the same protocol (Fig. 4 B, gray lines). Aswith the biophysical data, charge magnitude is dependent on interrogation time and chloride level. The model fits the data quite well, with increasing integration times (up to 200 ms in the model) incrementally increasing the charge measured. Importantly, for the model, estimated charge at either chloride level asymptotes at the actual set Qmax, with the time course depending on prestin’s transition rates. Modification of our model parameters (24) was limited to one parameter, namely, a reduction of the model’s forward transition rate con.