Correlation or coherence of two brain regions during a state of

Correlation or coherence of two brain regions during a state of rest (i.e., resting state connectivity or intrinsic connectivity) or during a task (i.e., task-based connectivity). Resting state connectivity assesses intrinsic networks that exist in the absence of a task. Importantly, intrinsic networks are reliable over time and across individuals (Biswal et al., 2010), can reflect underlying structural connectivity (Shen et al., 2012), but can also reflect polysynaptic connectivity (Buckner et al., 2013; Honey et al., 2009; Vincent et al., 2007). Three studies have tested for temperament Pyrvinium embonate custom synthesis differences in functional connectivity; one examined resting state connectivity and the other two examined task-based connectivity.Author Manuscript Author Manuscript Author Manuscript Author ManuscriptProg Neurobiol. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2016 April 01.Clauss et al.PageTemperament differences in intrinsic, or resting state, connectivity were examined by Blackford and colleagues (2014). Because the amygdala is actually comprised of multiple subnuclei that each have distinct connectivity patterns (Roy et al., 2009), we examined connectivity separately for the basolateral amygdala, centromedial amygdala, and superficial amygdala (Amunts et al., 2005). Across all three amygdala subnuclei, a pattern emerged; inhibited young adults had reduced amygdala connectivity with regions that regulate the amygdala, such as the PFC, and with regions that have bidirectional amygdala connections, such as the hippocampus, visual cortex, and insula. To determine if these temperament differences would be observed in broader networks, we also examined several resting state networks. Consistent with the amygdala findings, inhibited individuals had reduced connectivity between regions of the default mode network and dorsal attention network. However, in two of the networks–the executive control network and salience network–a different pattern emerged; inhibited individuals had increased connectivity between nodes within each network. Reduced amygdala connectivity may LCZ696 dose contribute to the amygdala habituation failure observed in prior studies (Blackford et al., 2013; Schwartz et al., 2012) and may underlie avoidance behaviors. Increased connectivity in the executive control and salience networks may reflect heightened inhibitory control, the ability to activate or inhibit and override emotional responses, which is associated with social withdrawal and social anxiety in inhibited children (McDermott et al., 2009; White et al., 2011). Hardee and colleagues (2013) examined functional connectivity during an attentional bias task in young adults with or without a history of inhibited temperament. The dotprobe task measures attention bias to threat stimuli by showing a pair of faces (a neutral face and an angry face, a neutral face and a happy face, or two neutral faces), followed by a dot stimulus in the position of one of the faces. Speed in responding to the dots in the position of the neutral or emotional face is measured; differences in reaction time when the dot is in the location of the emotional face, relative to neutral face, indexes threat bias. During the angry trials, the inhibited subjects had negative connectivity between the amygdala and both the insula and the dlPFC; whereas during neutral trials, inhibited subjects had positive connectivity between those regions. Furthermore, decreased amygdala-insula connectivity mediated the relationship between incr.Correlation or coherence of two brain regions during a state of rest (i.e., resting state connectivity or intrinsic connectivity) or during a task (i.e., task-based connectivity). Resting state connectivity assesses intrinsic networks that exist in the absence of a task. Importantly, intrinsic networks are reliable over time and across individuals (Biswal et al., 2010), can reflect underlying structural connectivity (Shen et al., 2012), but can also reflect polysynaptic connectivity (Buckner et al., 2013; Honey et al., 2009; Vincent et al., 2007). Three studies have tested for temperament differences in functional connectivity; one examined resting state connectivity and the other two examined task-based connectivity.Author Manuscript Author Manuscript Author Manuscript Author ManuscriptProg Neurobiol. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2016 April 01.Clauss et al.PageTemperament differences in intrinsic, or resting state, connectivity were examined by Blackford and colleagues (2014). Because the amygdala is actually comprised of multiple subnuclei that each have distinct connectivity patterns (Roy et al., 2009), we examined connectivity separately for the basolateral amygdala, centromedial amygdala, and superficial amygdala (Amunts et al., 2005). Across all three amygdala subnuclei, a pattern emerged; inhibited young adults had reduced amygdala connectivity with regions that regulate the amygdala, such as the PFC, and with regions that have bidirectional amygdala connections, such as the hippocampus, visual cortex, and insula. To determine if these temperament differences would be observed in broader networks, we also examined several resting state networks. Consistent with the amygdala findings, inhibited individuals had reduced connectivity between regions of the default mode network and dorsal attention network. However, in two of the networks–the executive control network and salience network–a different pattern emerged; inhibited individuals had increased connectivity between nodes within each network. Reduced amygdala connectivity may contribute to the amygdala habituation failure observed in prior studies (Blackford et al., 2013; Schwartz et al., 2012) and may underlie avoidance behaviors. Increased connectivity in the executive control and salience networks may reflect heightened inhibitory control, the ability to activate or inhibit and override emotional responses, which is associated with social withdrawal and social anxiety in inhibited children (McDermott et al., 2009; White et al., 2011). Hardee and colleagues (2013) examined functional connectivity during an attentional bias task in young adults with or without a history of inhibited temperament. The dotprobe task measures attention bias to threat stimuli by showing a pair of faces (a neutral face and an angry face, a neutral face and a happy face, or two neutral faces), followed by a dot stimulus in the position of one of the faces. Speed in responding to the dots in the position of the neutral or emotional face is measured; differences in reaction time when the dot is in the location of the emotional face, relative to neutral face, indexes threat bias. During the angry trials, the inhibited subjects had negative connectivity between the amygdala and both the insula and the dlPFC; whereas during neutral trials, inhibited subjects had positive connectivity between those regions. Furthermore, decreased amygdala-insula connectivity mediated the relationship between incr.