Thesis on s heterogeneity heterogeneity heterogeneity no heterogeneityHypothesis on p heterogeneity heterogeneity and linear trend heterogeneity and quadratic trend heterogeneity and linear trenddev 73218 72967 72967rank 190 194 198AIC 73602 73359 73367def 0 0 0The candidate models vary in the presence/BMS-214662 chemical information absence of heterogeneity on survival (s) and of temporal trends on survival and proportions (p). For all models breeding and success probabilities were state dependent and constant, and encounter and state assignment probabilities were state and time-dependent. For each model the deviance (dev), rank, AIC and DAIC are given. Subscripts h and s refer to heterogeneity and state, respectively, T to a linear temporal trend and T+T2 to a quadratic temporal trend. def HIV-1 integrase inhibitor 2 site indicates rank deficiency. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0060353.tStudy Site and PopulationWandering albatrosses are large (<10 kg), long-lived seabirds that breed on sub-Antarctic Islands. We chose to study the wandering albatrosses from Possession Island (46uS, 52uE), Crozet, south-western Indian Ocean, for this particular study because of the extensive and high quality dataset from a long-term monitoring program. The number of breeding pairs was relatively stable during the 1960s, but there was a marked decline between the early 1970s and 1986, followed by an increase until 2003 [35]. From 2003 to 2010, the breeding population has declined slightly.(numbers of hooks deployed) in 5 by 5 degree spatial blocks obtained from the Indian Ocean Tuna Commission (IOTC).Model Description and Goodness-of-fitOur approach was based upon multi-event capture-markrecapture models [36]. The observer records events [(i) not seen, (ii) seen as a FB, (iii) seen as a SB, (iv) seen as a B] that carry uncertain information on the state of the individual at the current sampling occasion. The relationship between states and events is probabilistic; hence these models belong to the family of hidden Markov models [36]. To take into account the quasi-biennial breeding behavior of wandering albatrosses, and breeding state uncertainty when estimating demographic parameters, we used the approach developed by [37]. In brief, models are described by considering the vector of probabilities of initial presence in the various states, then linking states at successive sampling occasions by a survivaltransition probability matrix, and linking events to states by an event probability matrix. Transition probabilities between states were modelled with a three-step procedure where survival, breeding and success were considered as three successive steps in the transition matrices. This baseline multi-event model developed by [37] considers four events (0 = not observed, 1 = seen as a FB, 2 = seen as a SB, 3 = seen as a B), and five states (FB = failed breeder, SB = successful breeder, PFB = post-failed breeder, PSB = post-successful breeder, and dead). Post-failed and postsuccessful breeder states account for those individuals that skip breeding and remain unobservable at sea in the year following a breeding attempt. Only birds in the FB or SB states are observable, whereas birds in the PFB and PSB states are unobservable. To accommodate heterogeneity, two categories of individuals were built, each category being associated with a distinct value of the parameter(s) [38,39]. Because our main predictions concern the effect of heterogeneity on the initial proportions and survival of individuals, the two categories of individual.Thesis on s heterogeneity heterogeneity heterogeneity no heterogeneityHypothesis on p heterogeneity heterogeneity and linear trend heterogeneity and quadratic trend heterogeneity and linear trenddev 73218 72967 72967rank 190 194 198AIC 73602 73359 73367def 0 0 0The candidate models vary in the presence/absence of heterogeneity on survival (s) and of temporal trends on survival and proportions (p). For all models breeding and success probabilities were state dependent and constant, and encounter and state assignment probabilities were state and time-dependent. For each model the deviance (dev), rank, AIC and DAIC are given. Subscripts h and s refer to heterogeneity and state, respectively, T to a linear temporal trend and T+T2 to a quadratic temporal trend. def indicates rank deficiency. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0060353.tStudy Site and PopulationWandering albatrosses are large (<10 kg), long-lived seabirds that breed on sub-Antarctic Islands. We chose to study the wandering albatrosses from Possession Island (46uS, 52uE), Crozet, south-western Indian Ocean, for this particular study because of the extensive and high quality dataset from a long-term monitoring program. The number of breeding pairs was relatively stable during the 1960s, but there was a marked decline between the early 1970s and 1986, followed by an increase until 2003 [35]. From 2003 to 2010, the breeding population has declined slightly.(numbers of hooks deployed) in 5 by 5 degree spatial blocks obtained from the Indian Ocean Tuna Commission (IOTC).Model Description and Goodness-of-fitOur approach was based upon multi-event capture-markrecapture models [36]. The observer records events [(i) not seen, (ii) seen as a FB, (iii) seen as a SB, (iv) seen as a B] that carry uncertain information on the state of the individual at the current sampling occasion. The relationship between states and events is probabilistic; hence these models belong to the family of hidden Markov models [36]. To take into account the quasi-biennial breeding behavior of wandering albatrosses, and breeding state uncertainty when estimating demographic parameters, we used the approach developed by [37]. In brief, models are described by considering the vector of probabilities of initial presence in the various states, then linking states at successive sampling occasions by a survivaltransition probability matrix, and linking events to states by an event probability matrix. Transition probabilities between states were modelled with a three-step procedure where survival, breeding and success were considered as three successive steps in the transition matrices. This baseline multi-event model developed by [37] considers four events (0 = not observed, 1 = seen as a FB, 2 = seen as a SB, 3 = seen as a B), and five states (FB = failed breeder, SB = successful breeder, PFB = post-failed breeder, PSB = post-successful breeder, and dead). Post-failed and postsuccessful breeder states account for those individuals that skip breeding and remain unobservable at sea in the year following a breeding attempt. Only birds in the FB or SB states are observable, whereas birds in the PFB and PSB states are unobservable. To accommodate heterogeneity, two categories of individuals were built, each category being associated with a distinct value of the parameter(s) [38,39]. Because our main predictions concern the effect of heterogeneity on the initial proportions and survival of individuals, the two categories of individual.
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