Rnt of its roles in the virus replication cycle. To gain

Rnt of its roles in the virus replication cycle. To gain further insight into the role of NS1, we made efforts to utilize influenza Virus A/Beijing/501/NS1 Interacts with b-Tubulin2009(H1N1) NS1 to find novel cellular factors that interact with NS1. To this end, a tandem affinity purification (TAP) system was chosen for this study. The key feature of TAP system is the use of two different affinity purification tags, they have gentle washing and elution conditions that allow the protein rotein interactions to remain intact, this not only allow for isolation of exceptionally clean proteins without disrupting the targeted complex, but increase the amount of the resulting purified protein complex. Moreover, as the histopathological and 24786787 Institute). Proteins were identified from peptide fragments by comparison to theoretical digests of the human proteome using MASCOT search tools.Materials and Methods Cell and the Viral Total RNAA549 (ATCC CCL-185) cells were grown in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM) (HyClone, USA) supplemented with 10 fetal bovine serum (FBS, GIBCO, USA), 100 IU penicillin and 100 mg/ml streptomycin (HyClone, USA). The total RNA of influenza strains A/Beijing/501/2009(H1N1) was kindly provided by Dr. Bohua Liu (Department of virology, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology).Co-immunoprecipitation AnalysisTo exclude the possibility that the interacting partner might represent unspecific factor, and further confirm the specific interaction, co-immunoprecipitation experiments were performed. The b-tubulin cDNA was amplified by RT-PCR using primers 59GGA ATTC CATATG ATG AGG GAA ATC GTG CAC ATC CAG G-39 (NdeI site, underlined) and 59-TCC CCCGGG TTA GGC C.Rnt of its roles in the virus replication cycle. To gain further insight into the role of NS1, we made efforts to utilize influenza Virus A/Beijing/501/NS1 Interacts with b-Tubulin2009(H1N1) NS1 to find novel cellular factors that interact with NS1. To this end, a tandem affinity purification (TAP) system was chosen for this study. The key feature of TAP system is the use of two different affinity purification tags, they have gentle washing and elution conditions that allow the protein rotein interactions to remain intact, this not only allow for isolation of exceptionally clean proteins without disrupting the targeted complex, but increase the amount of the resulting purified protein complex. Moreover, as the histopathological and 18334597 virological finding in fatal cases of 2009 H1N1 revealed that the 2009 H1N1 virus infected type II pneumocytes and caused diffuse alveolar damage (DAD), and potential infection in alveolar epithelial cells is also the main feature that differentiates it from seasonal influenza strains [18,19]. Human lung adenocarcinoma cell line A549 was used. By use of these, we identified a cellular factor, b-tubulin, as new interaction partner of NS1 protein. In addition, the disruption of the microtubule network and apoptosis were also observed on NS1transfected A549 cells. Our finding suggested that NS1 affects cellular functions through interaction with b-Tubulin.NS1-TAP Expression and Purification of the Protein ComplexesTen T175-cm2 cell culture flasks of 90 confluence A549 cells were transfected with pnTAP-NS1 plasmids by using LipofectamineTM 2000 Reagent (Invitrogen) according to the manufacturer’s protocol. In parallel, A549 cells were transfected with pnTAP vector as control. Approximately 48 hours post-transfection, the cells were washed three times with PBS, then 5 ml of ice cold PBS was added to each flask to prepare the cell suspensions, the cells were harvested by centrifuging for 10 minutes at 1500 6 g. After removing the PBS, the protein complexes were purified by using InterPlay TAP Purification Kit (Stratagene, catalog #240107) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. To detect the purified proteins, the protein preparation were resolved on 15 SDS-PAGE gels and stained with Coomassie Blue solution.Peptide Mass Fingerprinting AnalysisTo characterize the TAP-purified protein, the protein bands were excised from the Coomassie Blue-stained SDS-PAGE gel, ingel digested by trypsin, and analyzed by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometer AXIMA-QIT (Beijing Genomics 24786787 Institute). Proteins were identified from peptide fragments by comparison to theoretical digests of the human proteome using MASCOT search tools.Materials and Methods Cell and the Viral Total RNAA549 (ATCC CCL-185) cells were grown in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM) (HyClone, USA) supplemented with 10 fetal bovine serum (FBS, GIBCO, USA), 100 IU penicillin and 100 mg/ml streptomycin (HyClone, USA). The total RNA of influenza strains A/Beijing/501/2009(H1N1) was kindly provided by Dr. Bohua Liu (Department of virology, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology).Co-immunoprecipitation AnalysisTo exclude the possibility that the interacting partner might represent unspecific factor, and further confirm the specific interaction, co-immunoprecipitation experiments were performed. The b-tubulin cDNA was amplified by RT-PCR using primers 59GGA ATTC CATATG ATG AGG GAA ATC GTG CAC ATC CAG G-39 (NdeI site, underlined) and 59-TCC CCCGGG TTA GGC C.