G. 6D). In addition, an ectopic TUNEL signal was detected in

G. 6D). In addition, an ectopic TUNEL signal was detected in genital mesenchyme at lateral sections (Fig. 6B). To investigate the spatial distribution pattern of the apoptotic cells, we next used a vital dye LysoTracker Red to examine apoptosis pattern of whole mount embryos at e11.5 (Fig. 6E ). Three distinct apoptotic domains – distal urethral plate, distal mesenchymal region and proximal urethral plate – were apparent with the LysoTracker Red signal (Fig. 6E). Deletions of Six1 and Six2 caused an increase of apoptosis in the urethral plate (Fig. 6F). Consistent with the TUNEL buy TA-02 staining findings, ectopic cell death was detected in the lateral mesenchymal region in mutants(compare Fig. 6E9 to F9). This ectopic increase of cell death persisted at e12.0 (arrowhead in Fig. 6H). Surprisingly, the mutant genital tubercle underwent less cell death in the distal mesenchymal region at e11.5 and e12.0 (Figs. 6E, F and I). As illustrated in Fig. 6I, deletion of Six1 and Six2 DprE1-IN-2 manufacturer alters both the apoptosis level and pattern, changes which may contribute to the hypoplastic defect of the genital tubercle. We also examined the cell proliferation status of the Six12/2; Six2+/2 mutants by staining serial embryonic sections with a pHH3 antibody [11], a mitosis marker of cell cycle. Sections with similar overall anatomic features were selected for this study (Fig. 7). A total of 8 cryostat sections that encompassed genital tubercle were stained with the p-HH3 antibody. Using the shape of cloaca endoderm lining as a guide, proliferating cells from dPCM, vPCM and ICM were counted and compared. The total number of p-HH3 positive cells was significantly lower in Six12/2; Six2+/2 mutants than in wild type littermate controls (Fig. 7G). Thus, the normal proliferation of PCM progenitors depends on Six1 and Six2. Collectively, these data indicate that Six1 and Six2 are required for proliferation and survival of the PCM progenitors, which may contribute directly to the observed severe hypoplastic phenotype (Fig. 4R and S).Six1 and Six2 coordinate expression of critical signal moleculesActivation of the Bone morphogenetic protein (Bmp) signaling pathway inhibits genital outgrowth and induces apoptosis [26,27]. Mouse mutants without Noggin (an antagonist of Bmp signaling pathway) display hypoplastic genitalia, while Bmp receptor Ia (BmprIa) mutants have overgrowth and reduced cell death, resulting in hyperplastic genitalia [27]. Bmp7 mutants have imperforate anus and genital tubercle defects [28]. Deletion of Eya1, a transcription coactivator of Six1 and Six2, results in increased Bmp signaling [11]. To examine whether Six1 and Six2 were required for expression of candidate genes that are important for genital tubercle growth and patterning, we therefore first examined the expression pattern of Bmp4 and Bmp7 (Figs. 8A , 8E ). We found that Bmp4 expression was enhanced in dorsal lateral mesenchyme (arrowhead in Fig. 8B) and ventral distal mesenchyme (arrow in Fig. 8D) of Six12/2;Six2+/2 mutants. BmpFigure 5. Hypoplastic genital tubercles of Six1;Six2 compound mutants at e11.5. Hematoxylin and eosin (H E) staining of the serial sagittal sections of e11.5 urogenital structure. Asterisk, juxtaposition of ICM, dPCM and the cloacal membrane (CM); B, bladder; CND, common nephric duct; lPCM, lateral PCM; R, rectum; see Figure 1 for more abbreviations. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0055587.gCloaca Septation and Urogenital DevelopmentFigure 6. Six1;Six2 compound mutant genital tubercl.G. 6D). In addition, an ectopic TUNEL signal was detected in genital mesenchyme at lateral sections (Fig. 6B). To investigate the spatial distribution pattern of the apoptotic cells, we next used a vital dye LysoTracker Red to examine apoptosis pattern of whole mount embryos at e11.5 (Fig. 6E ). Three distinct apoptotic domains – distal urethral plate, distal mesenchymal region and proximal urethral plate – were apparent with the LysoTracker Red signal (Fig. 6E). Deletions of Six1 and Six2 caused an increase of apoptosis in the urethral plate (Fig. 6F). Consistent with the TUNEL staining findings, ectopic cell death was detected in the lateral mesenchymal region in mutants(compare Fig. 6E9 to F9). This ectopic increase of cell death persisted at e12.0 (arrowhead in Fig. 6H). Surprisingly, the mutant genital tubercle underwent less cell death in the distal mesenchymal region at e11.5 and e12.0 (Figs. 6E, F and I). As illustrated in Fig. 6I, deletion of Six1 and Six2 alters both the apoptosis level and pattern, changes which may contribute to the hypoplastic defect of the genital tubercle. We also examined the cell proliferation status of the Six12/2; Six2+/2 mutants by staining serial embryonic sections with a pHH3 antibody [11], a mitosis marker of cell cycle. Sections with similar overall anatomic features were selected for this study (Fig. 7). A total of 8 cryostat sections that encompassed genital tubercle were stained with the p-HH3 antibody. Using the shape of cloaca endoderm lining as a guide, proliferating cells from dPCM, vPCM and ICM were counted and compared. The total number of p-HH3 positive cells was significantly lower in Six12/2; Six2+/2 mutants than in wild type littermate controls (Fig. 7G). Thus, the normal proliferation of PCM progenitors depends on Six1 and Six2. Collectively, these data indicate that Six1 and Six2 are required for proliferation and survival of the PCM progenitors, which may contribute directly to the observed severe hypoplastic phenotype (Fig. 4R and S).Six1 and Six2 coordinate expression of critical signal moleculesActivation of the Bone morphogenetic protein (Bmp) signaling pathway inhibits genital outgrowth and induces apoptosis [26,27]. Mouse mutants without Noggin (an antagonist of Bmp signaling pathway) display hypoplastic genitalia, while Bmp receptor Ia (BmprIa) mutants have overgrowth and reduced cell death, resulting in hyperplastic genitalia [27]. Bmp7 mutants have imperforate anus and genital tubercle defects [28]. Deletion of Eya1, a transcription coactivator of Six1 and Six2, results in increased Bmp signaling [11]. To examine whether Six1 and Six2 were required for expression of candidate genes that are important for genital tubercle growth and patterning, we therefore first examined the expression pattern of Bmp4 and Bmp7 (Figs. 8A , 8E ). We found that Bmp4 expression was enhanced in dorsal lateral mesenchyme (arrowhead in Fig. 8B) and ventral distal mesenchyme (arrow in Fig. 8D) of Six12/2;Six2+/2 mutants. BmpFigure 5. Hypoplastic genital tubercles of Six1;Six2 compound mutants at e11.5. Hematoxylin and eosin (H E) staining of the serial sagittal sections of e11.5 urogenital structure. Asterisk, juxtaposition of ICM, dPCM and the cloacal membrane (CM); B, bladder; CND, common nephric duct; lPCM, lateral PCM; R, rectum; see Figure 1 for more abbreviations. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0055587.gCloaca Septation and Urogenital DevelopmentFigure 6. Six1;Six2 compound mutant genital tubercl.