Sulfuric acid in dry methanol for 16 h

Sulfuric acid in dry methanol for 16 h 1516647 at room temperature followed by 80 min at 90uC to convert the FAs into FA methyl esters (FAMEs). SupelcoTM 37 Component FAME Mix (Sigma?Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) was added as an internal standard. After addition of 2.0 mL of distilled water and 3.0 mL of Linolenic acid methyl ester site hexane, the FAMEs were extracted for analysis with a 6890N gas chromatograph (Agilent, Santa Clara, CA, USA). Lipids were measured with a programmed temperature method. An initial column temperature of 140uC was maintained for 5 min, then increased to 240uC at a rate of 4uC/min and held for 10 min. Injection and detector temperatures were 240uC and 260uC, respectively. Two microliters of the sample were injected into the column. FAMEs were identified by comparison of their retention times with those of known standards. The results were analyzed using Chrom PerfectH LSi system software (Fife, Scotland) with the FAME Mix peak area used as the reference. Fatty acid content was computed as the absolute content (mg/g) using the gas chromatograph area counts for the different FAMEs. The FAME quantity in a sample was used to calculate the oil content using the following equation:Peanut Diacylglycerol Acyltransferase 2 ExpressionFigure 1. Comparison of the amino acid sequences of AhDGAT2a and AhDGAT2b. The three amino acid differences are shaded in gray. Two black underlined regions (amino acids 40?2 and 67?2) highlight the two predicted transmembrane domains. The red underline shows the conserved LPLAT_MGAT-like domain (amino acids 104?21). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0061363.gdifferences in function. Hence, we constructed AhDGAT2a and AhDGAT2b plasmids to enable us to investigate their individual functions in E. coli.AhDGAT2a and AhDGAT2b fusion proteins are located in both soluble and insoluble fractions of E. coli cellsThe AhDGAT2a and AhDGAT2b fragments were inserted into pGEX-4T-1 expression vector, transformed into E. coli, and the recombinant AhDGAT2 ST proteins, containing a GST-tag at the N-terminus, were induced with IPTG at 25uC or 37uC. Recombinant AhDGAT2 expression at 25uC was somewhat lower than that at 37uC (data not shown), so we selected 37uC as theoptimal induction temperature. Cells induced at 37uC were collected after 0, 2, 4, and 6 h and the recombinant proteins extracted for SDS AGE analysis (Figure 4). Recombinant AhDGAT2 expression increased over time and was highest at 6 h, so this time point was used for subsequent experiments. No obvious differences were detected between the AhDGAT2a and AhDGAT2b expression levels. Following IPTG induction of the AhDGAT2 proteins, their production was Tunicamycin site scaled up to facilitate purification from the cytoplasmic fraction and inclusion bodies. Fusion proteins were purified and loaded onto SDS AGE for analysis (Figure 5). The fusion proteins were present in both the soluble (cytoplasm) and insoluble (inclusion bodies) fractions, with the largest quantities present in the inclusion bodies. The expression patterns of AhDGAT2a and AhDGAT2b did not differ noticeably.Overexpression of AhDGAT2s affects the growth rate and morphology of transformed E. coliExpression of GST or AhDGAT2 STs depressed the growth rate of the E. coli Rosetta (DE3) strain relative to the WT strain (Figure 6). This result was not unexpected, because carrying a foreign vector or expressing a foreign gene is likely to retard bacterial growth rates. After IPTG was added to the medium, the reduction in growth rate became more obvious.Sulfuric acid in dry methanol for 16 h 1516647 at room temperature followed by 80 min at 90uC to convert the FAs into FA methyl esters (FAMEs). SupelcoTM 37 Component FAME Mix (Sigma?Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) was added as an internal standard. After addition of 2.0 mL of distilled water and 3.0 mL of hexane, the FAMEs were extracted for analysis with a 6890N gas chromatograph (Agilent, Santa Clara, CA, USA). Lipids were measured with a programmed temperature method. An initial column temperature of 140uC was maintained for 5 min, then increased to 240uC at a rate of 4uC/min and held for 10 min. Injection and detector temperatures were 240uC and 260uC, respectively. Two microliters of the sample were injected into the column. FAMEs were identified by comparison of their retention times with those of known standards. The results were analyzed using Chrom PerfectH LSi system software (Fife, Scotland) with the FAME Mix peak area used as the reference. Fatty acid content was computed as the absolute content (mg/g) using the gas chromatograph area counts for the different FAMEs. The FAME quantity in a sample was used to calculate the oil content using the following equation:Peanut Diacylglycerol Acyltransferase 2 ExpressionFigure 1. Comparison of the amino acid sequences of AhDGAT2a and AhDGAT2b. The three amino acid differences are shaded in gray. Two black underlined regions (amino acids 40?2 and 67?2) highlight the two predicted transmembrane domains. The red underline shows the conserved LPLAT_MGAT-like domain (amino acids 104?21). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0061363.gdifferences in function. Hence, we constructed AhDGAT2a and AhDGAT2b plasmids to enable us to investigate their individual functions in E. coli.AhDGAT2a and AhDGAT2b fusion proteins are located in both soluble and insoluble fractions of E. coli cellsThe AhDGAT2a and AhDGAT2b fragments were inserted into pGEX-4T-1 expression vector, transformed into E. coli, and the recombinant AhDGAT2 ST proteins, containing a GST-tag at the N-terminus, were induced with IPTG at 25uC or 37uC. Recombinant AhDGAT2 expression at 25uC was somewhat lower than that at 37uC (data not shown), so we selected 37uC as theoptimal induction temperature. Cells induced at 37uC were collected after 0, 2, 4, and 6 h and the recombinant proteins extracted for SDS AGE analysis (Figure 4). Recombinant AhDGAT2 expression increased over time and was highest at 6 h, so this time point was used for subsequent experiments. No obvious differences were detected between the AhDGAT2a and AhDGAT2b expression levels. Following IPTG induction of the AhDGAT2 proteins, their production was scaled up to facilitate purification from the cytoplasmic fraction and inclusion bodies. Fusion proteins were purified and loaded onto SDS AGE for analysis (Figure 5). The fusion proteins were present in both the soluble (cytoplasm) and insoluble (inclusion bodies) fractions, with the largest quantities present in the inclusion bodies. The expression patterns of AhDGAT2a and AhDGAT2b did not differ noticeably.Overexpression of AhDGAT2s affects the growth rate and morphology of transformed E. coliExpression of GST or AhDGAT2 STs depressed the growth rate of the E. coli Rosetta (DE3) strain relative to the WT strain (Figure 6). This result was not unexpected, because carrying a foreign vector or expressing a foreign gene is likely to retard bacterial growth rates. After IPTG was added to the medium, the reduction in growth rate became more obvious.