D 20 h post-ovulation in the magnum (Figure 1E). Consistent with these

D 20 h post-ovulation in the magnum (Figure 1E). Consistent with these results, in situ hybridization analyses indicated that WNT4 mRNA was predominantly localized to the glandular epithelium (GE) of the shell gland at 3 h post-ovulation and it was also detected to a lesser extent in LE of the shell gland at both time points (Figure 1F). However, there is either no or very little expression of WNT4 in the magnum.Differential expression of WNT4 between normal and cancerous ovaries of hensThe laying hen is a unique animal model for study of human epithelia-derived ovarian cancer research. This is because they spontaneously develop ovarian cancer of the surface epithelium of the ovaries at a high rate and are useful for development of biomarkers for detection and early diagnosis of ovarian cancer, as well as for discovery of anti-cancer drugs/biomaterials [11]. There is evidence that epithelial cell-derived ovarian cancer (EOC) in women may originate from epithelial cells of the Licochalcone-A oviduct [12,13]. Likewise, in chickens, Trevino et al [14] reported that about 50 of up-regulated genes in EOC of laying hens are oviductassociated genes. In addition, we reported that several estrogenstimulated genes, including serpin peptidase inhibitor, clade B, member 11 (SERPINB11) [15], SERPINB3 [16], cathepsin B (CTSB) [17], Sadenosylhomocysteine hydrolase-like protein 1 (AHCYL1) [18], alpha 2 macroglobulin (A2M) [19], secreted phosphoprotein 1 (SPP1) [20], pleiotrophin (PTN) [21], several cell cycle genes [22] and beta-defensin 11 (AvBD-11) [23] in the chicken oviduct are detected predominantly in glandular epithelial cells of ovaries from laying hens with ovarian adenocarcinoma. Furthermore, there are several reports that over-expression of WNT4 is induced by its mutated regulator genes such as beta-catenin and GSK3B or aberrant expression of miRNAs in various cancer types [24,25,26]. Therefore, we hypothesized that expression patterns for WNT4 would differ between normal and cancerous ovarian tissues from laying hens and then determined whether cell-specific WNT4 expression was detectable in ovaries of laying hens with ovarian cancer. AsEffects of DES on WNT4 expression in the chicken oviductCell-specific expression of WNT4 mRNA in the oviduct of mature hens suggested regulation by estrogen during development of the chicken oviduct. Because diethylstilbestrol (DES) is a synthetic estrogen that binds to estrogen receptors with similar effect of the natural estrogen, 17b-estradiol [1,9,10], we determined effects of DES and reported that DES regulates growth, development and 1948-33-0 site cytodifferentiation of the immature chick oviduct [9]. Likewise, we examined the effects of DES onChicken WNT4 in the Female Reproductive TractsFigure 1. Expression and localization of WNT4 in the chicken oviduct. Both RT-PCR [A] and quantitative PCR [B] analyses were performed using cDNA templates from each segment of the chicken oviduct. These experiments were conducted in triplicate and normalized to control ACTB expression. [C] In situ hybridization analysis for cell-specific changes in expression of WNT4 in the each segment of the chicken oviduct. Both RT-PCR 23977191 [D] and quantitative PCR [E] analyses were performed using cDNA templates from the magnum and the shell gland segment at 3 h and 20 h after ovulation. [F] In situ hybridization analysis for cell-specific changes in expression of WNT4 in the magnum and the shell gland at 3 h and 20 h after ovulation. Legend: ST, stromal cells;.D 20 h post-ovulation in the magnum (Figure 1E). Consistent with these results, in situ hybridization analyses indicated that WNT4 mRNA was predominantly localized to the glandular epithelium (GE) of the shell gland at 3 h post-ovulation and it was also detected to a lesser extent in LE of the shell gland at both time points (Figure 1F). However, there is either no or very little expression of WNT4 in the magnum.Differential expression of WNT4 between normal and cancerous ovaries of hensThe laying hen is a unique animal model for study of human epithelia-derived ovarian cancer research. This is because they spontaneously develop ovarian cancer of the surface epithelium of the ovaries at a high rate and are useful for development of biomarkers for detection and early diagnosis of ovarian cancer, as well as for discovery of anti-cancer drugs/biomaterials [11]. There is evidence that epithelial cell-derived ovarian cancer (EOC) in women may originate from epithelial cells of the oviduct [12,13]. Likewise, in chickens, Trevino et al [14] reported that about 50 of up-regulated genes in EOC of laying hens are oviductassociated genes. In addition, we reported that several estrogenstimulated genes, including serpin peptidase inhibitor, clade B, member 11 (SERPINB11) [15], SERPINB3 [16], cathepsin B (CTSB) [17], Sadenosylhomocysteine hydrolase-like protein 1 (AHCYL1) [18], alpha 2 macroglobulin (A2M) [19], secreted phosphoprotein 1 (SPP1) [20], pleiotrophin (PTN) [21], several cell cycle genes [22] and beta-defensin 11 (AvBD-11) [23] in the chicken oviduct are detected predominantly in glandular epithelial cells of ovaries from laying hens with ovarian adenocarcinoma. Furthermore, there are several reports that over-expression of WNT4 is induced by its mutated regulator genes such as beta-catenin and GSK3B or aberrant expression of miRNAs in various cancer types [24,25,26]. Therefore, we hypothesized that expression patterns for WNT4 would differ between normal and cancerous ovarian tissues from laying hens and then determined whether cell-specific WNT4 expression was detectable in ovaries of laying hens with ovarian cancer. AsEffects of DES on WNT4 expression in the chicken oviductCell-specific expression of WNT4 mRNA in the oviduct of mature hens suggested regulation by estrogen during development of the chicken oviduct. Because diethylstilbestrol (DES) is a synthetic estrogen that binds to estrogen receptors with similar effect of the natural estrogen, 17b-estradiol [1,9,10], we determined effects of DES and reported that DES regulates growth, development and cytodifferentiation of the immature chick oviduct [9]. Likewise, we examined the effects of DES onChicken WNT4 in the Female Reproductive TractsFigure 1. Expression and localization of WNT4 in the chicken oviduct. Both RT-PCR [A] and quantitative PCR [B] analyses were performed using cDNA templates from each segment of the chicken oviduct. These experiments were conducted in triplicate and normalized to control ACTB expression. [C] In situ hybridization analysis for cell-specific changes in expression of WNT4 in the each segment of the chicken oviduct. Both RT-PCR 23977191 [D] and quantitative PCR [E] analyses were performed using cDNA templates from the magnum and the shell gland segment at 3 h and 20 h after ovulation. [F] In situ hybridization analysis for cell-specific changes in expression of WNT4 in the magnum and the shell gland at 3 h and 20 h after ovulation. Legend: ST, stromal cells;.