R stress. To this end, cells were stimulated with classic inflammatory

R stress. To this end, cells were stimulated with classic inflammatory cytokines such asIL-1b, IL-6 and TNF-a, H2O2 to elicit oxidative stress, and palmitate and tunicamycin; both of them are potent inducers of the ER stress [41,42]. As shown in Figure 5A, neither inflammatory cytokines nor H2O2 had an effect on the expression of DNAJB3 in THP-1 cells. By contrast, treatment of cells with palmitate resulted in a reduction of DNAJB3 protein in both THP1 (Fig. 5A) and L6 (Fig. 5B) cells, while it had no effect on HSP-60 and HSP-90 proteins (Fig. 5C). In an attempt to elucidate whether the effect of palmitate on the expression of DNAJB3 was due to the activation of the ER stress or through a different pathway, we stimulated cells with tunicamycin; a chemical drug that specifically activate the ER stress. As shown in Figure 5A, tunicamycin triggers also a reduction of DNAJB3 protein. The observed downregulation of DNAJB3 following activation of ER stress by tunicamycin and palmitate is consistent with the previous study that showed a link between activation of ER stress and downregulation of DNAJB3 gene expression upon stimulation of cardiomyocytes with doxazosin [43].PLOS ONE | www.plosone.orgDownregulation of DNAJB3 in Obese HumansTable 4. Physical and clinical characteristics of 24 obese subjects before and after exercise.Table 5. Correlation between DNAJB3 mRNA expression and physical, clinical and biochemical parameters.Before exercise Age (year) Gender (M/F) BMI (kg/m2) PBF ( ) Waist (cm) Hip (cm) 47.78613.02 17/7 34.6062.95 37.4865.35 108.93611.32 117.5169.After exercise 33.9362.44 36.6365.71 107.3369.10 117.8866.59 77.00610.30 119.2968.29 77.8664.26 19.6665.17 5.1860.99 1.0560.25 3.4060.94 1.6360.71 5.9161.03 5.9960.56 3.4061.16 0.5460.10 1.8360.45 1.5261.15 5.0362.88 3.0661.17 13.62610.56 2.4361.21 0.3060.19 1.6260.63 0.9760.P-value0.18 0.022 0.102 0.19 0.89 0.01 0.11 0.01 0.28 0.073 0.72 0.76 0.84 0.46 0.11 0.056 0.052 0.155 0.705 0.32 0.004 0.012 0.097 0.98 0.004 BMI PBF SLM HR SBP DBP VO2 HDL TG Leptin PAI-1 IP10 RANTESMaxBefore exercise R2 20.709 20.656 20.296 20.02 0.038 0.136 0.556 0.301 20.358 20.322 20.162 20.367 20.After exercise R2 20.128 20.526 0.378 20.119 0.136 0.391 0.220 20.193 20.407 20.014 0.277 0.259 0.P-value,0.0001 0.0001 0.12 0.945 0.894 0.629 0.031 0.07 0.035 0.064 0.Mepolizumab (anti-IL5) 362 0.036 0.P-value0.650 0.044 0.165 0.727 0.690 0.235 0.515 0.594 0.214 0.965 0.383 0.416 0.Resting HR (beat/min) 77.4368.15 SBP (mmHg) DBP (mmHg) VOMax127.50611.89 82.00610.14 17.4864.83 5.2661.03 1.1660.25 3.3560.95 1.7160.93 5.7661.08 6.1761.44 2.8961.48 0.6360.16 2.3161.66 3.Elbasvir 0461.PMID:23557924 96 7.0163.60 3.3361.30 21.60614.45 3.8561.35 0.4760.18 1.7560.67 1.4660.(ml/kg/min)Cholesterol (mmol/l) HDL (mmol/l) LDL (mmol/l) TG (mmol/l) Glucose (mmol/l) HbA1C ( ) C-peptide (ng/ml) Glucagon (ng/ml) GLP-1 (ng/ml) Insulin (ng/ml) Leptin (ng/ml) PAI-1 (ng/ml) TNF-a (pg/ml) IL-6 (pg/ml) IP-10 (ng/ml) RANTES (ng/ml) TBARS (mM)The correlation was based on DDCT method and it was done on non-diabetic participants before exercise consisting of lean (n = 14), obese before exercise (n = 21) and obese after exercise (n = 17). Correlation was assessed by using Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0069217.tData are presented as mean 6 SD. Paired t-test was used to compare differences in obese before and after physical exercise. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0069217.tDiscussionThe current study was designed to identify unexplored components of the heat.