Gqing 400074, China Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +Rezafungin Cancer 86-Citation: Yang, R.; Xing, B. A Comparison

Gqing 400074, China Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +Rezafungin Cancer 86-Citation: Yang, R.; Xing, B. A Comparison with the Performance of Unique Interpolation Procedures in Replicating Rainfall Magnitudes below Various Climatic Circumstances in Chongqing Province (China). Atmosphere 2021, 12, 1318. https:// doi.org/10.3390/atmos12101318 Academic Editor: Corene Matyas Received: 31 July 2021 Accepted: 28 September 2021 Published: 9 OctoberAbstract: precipitation is deemed a essential element inside the hydrological cycle and modifications in its spatial pattern directly influence the water resources. We compare diverse interpolation approaches in predicting the spatial distribution pattern of precipitation in Chongqing. Six interpolation methods, i.e., Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW), Radial Basis Function (RBF), Diffusion Interpolation with Barrier (DIB), Kernel Interpolation with Barrier (KIB), Ordinary Kriging (OK) and Empirical Bayesian Kriging (EBK), had been applied to estimate distinctive rainfall patterns. Annual imply, rainy season and dry-season precipitation was calculated from the every day precipitation time series of 34 meteorological Chlorfenapyr custom synthesis stations having a time span of 1991 to 2019, according to Leave-One-Out Cross-Validation (LOOCV), Mean Square Error (MSE), Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Imply Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE), Symmetric Imply Absolute Percentage Error (SMAPE) and Nash utcliffe Efficiency coefficient (NSE) as validation indexes of your applied models for calculating the error degree and accuracy. Correlation test and Spearman coefficient was performed around the estimated and observed values. A process combining Entropy Weight and Strategy for Order Preference by Similarity to Excellent Solution (Entropy-Weighted TOPSIS) was introduced to rank the overall performance of six interpolation strategies. The outcomes indicate that interpolation strategy performs better in estimating in the course of periods of low precipitation (i.e., dry season, relative to rainy season and mean annual). The efficiency priorities of the six procedures beneath the combined multiple precipitation distribution patterns are KIB EBK OK RBF DIB IDW. Among them, KIB method has the highest accuracy which maps additional correct precipitation surfaces, with all the disadvantage that estimation error is prone to outliers. EBK strategy could be the second highest, and IDW approach has the lowest accuracy with a high degree of error. This paper provides data for the application of interpolation techniques in estimating rainfall spatial pattern and for water resource management of concerned regions. Keywords and phrases: spatial interpolation; deterministic approaches; geostatistical procedures; precipitation; Geographical Data SystemsPublisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.1. Introduction Precipitation is definitely the most significant climatic variable in hydrology and in water resource management, due to its important impact around the spatial patterns of water availability [1]. The information and facts of precipitation is crucial for analyzing of regional water sources, the prediction and management of drought and flood disasters, plus the management of the ecological atmosphere [2,3]. Precipitation models have quite a few purposes, among others, long-term organizing, climate change scenario building, hydrological forecasting, hydrochemical modeling and human impact research, and also the assessment of water resources is ordinarily depending on models interpolated from precipitation.