Ach group (control and

Ach group (control and 15755315 unloaded) included 4 independent total RNA samples with a minimal RIN number 8.0 verified by Bioanalyzer 2100 (Agilent Technology, Palo Alto, CA). Each total RNA sample was amplified, labeled, and hybridized on a mouse Affymetrix Gene 1.0 ST array (Santa Clara, CA) per manufacture instructions to measure expression of 28,853 well-annotated genes. A total of 8 array images were acquired by GeneChip Scanner 3000 18325633 7G and quality assessed by Affymetrix Expression Console (Santa Clara, CA). Gene expression signals were generated by robust multi-array analysis (RMA) [16] using Brainarray MoGene 1.0ST custom CDF files [17]. Differential gene expression was computed using the Comparative Marker Selection module in Genepattern database (Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA) which compares mean differences between control and unloaded groups by two-way parametric t-test. P-value #0.05 and q-value #0.05 were used to identify genes that were significantly differentially expressed with hind limb unloading. The microarray dataTotal RNA Isolation and RT-qPCRGastrocnemius and plantaris muscles harvested from anesthetized wild type mice from control and HU groups (n = 6 per group) were snap frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at 280uC before use. Total RNA was isolated using the GSK0660 price GGTI298 supplier Qiagen miRNeasy Mini kit (Valencia, CA) according to manufacturer’s instructions. Extracted total RNA was treated with RNase-Free DNase I (Qiagen, Valencia, CA), quantitated by UV spectrophotometry, and quality checked by a 1 denaturing agarose gel as previously described [10]. Five micrograms of total RNA was converted to cDNA in an 100 ml PCR reaction using random primers and MultiscribeA Bcl-3 Network Controls Muscle AtrophyTable 1. The genes from iPAGE ontology analysis.GO category Protein catabolism (11 GO terms)Gene Name Adam17 Arih2 Ate1 Cul2 Fbxo6 Hspa5 Itch Ppt1 Psen1 Rlim Sod1 Trim63 Ubr1 UspFunction Activates some membrane receptors E3 ligase Arginyl transferase Component of ECS ubiquitination E3 ligase Hsp 70 family member E3 ligase Lysosomal degradation Intramembrane protein cleavage Ring finger protein Reactive radical destroyer Muscle E3 ligase (MuRF1) n-recognin for N rule proteolysis Ubiquitin thioesterase Wnt antagonist Sphingolipid recognition in lysosomes Wnt signaling glucose metabolism Essential for myogenin activity phosphofructokinase Glycogen phosphorylase Phosphatase, MAPK inhibitor phosphatase Phosphatase catalytic subunit Regulation of Ppp1cDevelopment (7 GO terms)Apc Psap Tcf7l2 EyaGlucose metabolism (4 GO terms)Pfkl PygmPhosphatases (1 GO term)Dusp3 Ppm1g Ppp1cb Ppp1r12adoi:10.1371/journal.pone.0051478.treported in this paper have been deposited in the NCBI Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) with accession no. GSE40578.Plasmids and Site Directed MutagenesisThe mouse MuRF1 promoter luciferase plasmid which contains 4.4 kb of the 59 upstream MuRF1 promoter region was a gift from S. Shoelson [18]. In silico analysis of transcription factor binding sites in this 4.4 kb MuRF1 promoter region was performed by Clover [19] which identified 3 putative NF-kB sites in the 59 2 kb of the cloned promoter fragment. The 2 kb MuRF1-luc deletion construct was created by cutting the MuRF1-luc plasmid with NheI and SmaI, and ligating blunted ends to remove the 59 2 kb of MuRF1 promoter sequence. This produced a promoter without the 3 putative NF-kB sites. Also using the 4.4 kb MuRF1 promoter, site directed mutagenesis was used to mutate all 3 putative NF-.Ach group (control and 15755315 unloaded) included 4 independent total RNA samples with a minimal RIN number 8.0 verified by Bioanalyzer 2100 (Agilent Technology, Palo Alto, CA). Each total RNA sample was amplified, labeled, and hybridized on a mouse Affymetrix Gene 1.0 ST array (Santa Clara, CA) per manufacture instructions to measure expression of 28,853 well-annotated genes. A total of 8 array images were acquired by GeneChip Scanner 3000 18325633 7G and quality assessed by Affymetrix Expression Console (Santa Clara, CA). Gene expression signals were generated by robust multi-array analysis (RMA) [16] using Brainarray MoGene 1.0ST custom CDF files [17]. Differential gene expression was computed using the Comparative Marker Selection module in Genepattern database (Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA) which compares mean differences between control and unloaded groups by two-way parametric t-test. P-value #0.05 and q-value #0.05 were used to identify genes that were significantly differentially expressed with hind limb unloading. The microarray dataTotal RNA Isolation and RT-qPCRGastrocnemius and plantaris muscles harvested from anesthetized wild type mice from control and HU groups (n = 6 per group) were snap frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at 280uC before use. Total RNA was isolated using the Qiagen miRNeasy Mini kit (Valencia, CA) according to manufacturer’s instructions. Extracted total RNA was treated with RNase-Free DNase I (Qiagen, Valencia, CA), quantitated by UV spectrophotometry, and quality checked by a 1 denaturing agarose gel as previously described [10]. Five micrograms of total RNA was converted to cDNA in an 100 ml PCR reaction using random primers and MultiscribeA Bcl-3 Network Controls Muscle AtrophyTable 1. The genes from iPAGE ontology analysis.GO category Protein catabolism (11 GO terms)Gene Name Adam17 Arih2 Ate1 Cul2 Fbxo6 Hspa5 Itch Ppt1 Psen1 Rlim Sod1 Trim63 Ubr1 UspFunction Activates some membrane receptors E3 ligase Arginyl transferase Component of ECS ubiquitination E3 ligase Hsp 70 family member E3 ligase Lysosomal degradation Intramembrane protein cleavage Ring finger protein Reactive radical destroyer Muscle E3 ligase (MuRF1) n-recognin for N rule proteolysis Ubiquitin thioesterase Wnt antagonist Sphingolipid recognition in lysosomes Wnt signaling glucose metabolism Essential for myogenin activity phosphofructokinase Glycogen phosphorylase Phosphatase, MAPK inhibitor phosphatase Phosphatase catalytic subunit Regulation of Ppp1cDevelopment (7 GO terms)Apc Psap Tcf7l2 EyaGlucose metabolism (4 GO terms)Pfkl PygmPhosphatases (1 GO term)Dusp3 Ppm1g Ppp1cb Ppp1r12adoi:10.1371/journal.pone.0051478.treported in this paper have been deposited in the NCBI Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) with accession no. GSE40578.Plasmids and Site Directed MutagenesisThe mouse MuRF1 promoter luciferase plasmid which contains 4.4 kb of the 59 upstream MuRF1 promoter region was a gift from S. Shoelson [18]. In silico analysis of transcription factor binding sites in this 4.4 kb MuRF1 promoter region was performed by Clover [19] which identified 3 putative NF-kB sites in the 59 2 kb of the cloned promoter fragment. The 2 kb MuRF1-luc deletion construct was created by cutting the MuRF1-luc plasmid with NheI and SmaI, and ligating blunted ends to remove the 59 2 kb of MuRF1 promoter sequence. This produced a promoter without the 3 putative NF-kB sites. Also using the 4.4 kb MuRF1 promoter, site directed mutagenesis was used to mutate all 3 putative NF-.