Were considered to indicate statistical significance.Ultrasonographic Determination of the Renal

Were considered to indicate statistical significance.Ultrasonographic Determination of the Renal Arterial Resistive IndexA Philips HD-11 XE digital ultrasound machine (Royal Philips Electronics, Amsterdam, Netherlands) with a ABBV-075 broadband curved array multifrequency transducer L12-3 with a 2-to-5-MHz extended operating frequency range, field view of 75u, was used for pulsed Doppler measurements. Waveforms were optimized for measurement using the lowest pulse repetition frequency without aliasing, the highest gain without obscuring background noise, and the lowest wall filter [2]. The gray-scale frequency was 5 MHz, the Doppler frequency was set to 2.5 MHz to avoid aliasing. Optimal Doppler gain was set to obtain clear flow waves with minimal background noise. The wall filter was set at 100 Hz. The Doppler sample volume was set at 3 mm. Measurements of the get Tartrazine kidney graft were performed with the patients lying in supine position in a quiet room. Valsalva’s maneuver was not performed during Doppler measurements. The gray-scale measurements were performed at the same time as the Doppler measurement of the renal arterial resistive index. The maximal length, width, and depth of the kidney graft were determined. Intrarenal Doppler signals were obtained from two representative interlobar arteries along the border of medullary pyramids. The peak systolic velocity (Vmax) and the minimal enddiastolic velocity (Vmin) were determined, the renal interlobar arterial resistive index was calculated as (VmaxVmin)/Vmax, and the results from two measurements were averaged. The peak systolic velocity and the minimal enddiastolic velocity were calculated automatically after manual tracing along the top of the displayed Doppler signals. The Doppler angle was chosen as close to 0u as possible and special care was taken not to compress the kidney. Sonographers were blinded to stage of chronic kidney disease. The intraobserver intrasession variability of duplicate renal arterial resistive index measurements in 78 patients was 2.0 (95 limits of agreement, 218 to 23 ). InResultsDoppler ultrasonography of kidney graft was performed in 78 patients with renal allograft. 53 (68 ) transplant recipients were male, and 25 (32 ) were female. Median age of recipients was 54 years (interquartile range, 44 to 66 years). The cause of chronic kidney disease was hypertensive nephropathy in 7 patients (9 ), diabetes mellitus in 9 patients (11 ), glomerulonephritis in 24 patients (31 ), polycystic kidney disease in 13 patients (17 ), reflux nephropathy in 4 patients (5 ), and others/unknown in 21 patients (27 ). Median time on dialysis (dialysis vintage) was 20 months (interquartile range, 7 to 36 months). 48 patients (62 ) received kidneys from living related donors, and 30 patients (38 ) from deceased donors. Median donor age was 49 years (interquartile range, 42 to 57 years). Median time interval since transplantation was 35 months (interquartile range, 10 to 88 months). The number of patients with renal allograft presenting with chronic kidney disease stage 1 (glomerular filtration rate 90 mL/min per 1.73 m2), stage 2 (glomerular filtration rate between 60 to 89 mL/min per 1.73 m2), stage 3 (glomerular filtration rate between 30 and 59 mL/min per 1.73 m2), stage 4 (glomerular filtration rate between 15 and 29 mL/min per 1.73 m2), and stage 5 (glomerular filtration rate ,15 mL/min per 12926553 1.73 m2) were 5 (6 ), 22 (28 ), 38 (49 ), 12 (16 ), 1 (1 ), respectively. For all patients the.Were considered to indicate statistical significance.Ultrasonographic Determination of the Renal Arterial Resistive IndexA Philips HD-11 XE digital ultrasound machine (Royal Philips Electronics, Amsterdam, Netherlands) with a broadband curved array multifrequency transducer L12-3 with a 2-to-5-MHz extended operating frequency range, field view of 75u, was used for pulsed Doppler measurements. Waveforms were optimized for measurement using the lowest pulse repetition frequency without aliasing, the highest gain without obscuring background noise, and the lowest wall filter [2]. The gray-scale frequency was 5 MHz, the Doppler frequency was set to 2.5 MHz to avoid aliasing. Optimal Doppler gain was set to obtain clear flow waves with minimal background noise. The wall filter was set at 100 Hz. The Doppler sample volume was set at 3 mm. Measurements of the kidney graft were performed with the patients lying in supine position in a quiet room. Valsalva’s maneuver was not performed during Doppler measurements. The gray-scale measurements were performed at the same time as the Doppler measurement of the renal arterial resistive index. The maximal length, width, and depth of the kidney graft were determined. Intrarenal Doppler signals were obtained from two representative interlobar arteries along the border of medullary pyramids. The peak systolic velocity (Vmax) and the minimal enddiastolic velocity (Vmin) were determined, the renal interlobar arterial resistive index was calculated as (VmaxVmin)/Vmax, and the results from two measurements were averaged. The peak systolic velocity and the minimal enddiastolic velocity were calculated automatically after manual tracing along the top of the displayed Doppler signals. The Doppler angle was chosen as close to 0u as possible and special care was taken not to compress the kidney. Sonographers were blinded to stage of chronic kidney disease. The intraobserver intrasession variability of duplicate renal arterial resistive index measurements in 78 patients was 2.0 (95 limits of agreement, 218 to 23 ). InResultsDoppler ultrasonography of kidney graft was performed in 78 patients with renal allograft. 53 (68 ) transplant recipients were male, and 25 (32 ) were female. Median age of recipients was 54 years (interquartile range, 44 to 66 years). The cause of chronic kidney disease was hypertensive nephropathy in 7 patients (9 ), diabetes mellitus in 9 patients (11 ), glomerulonephritis in 24 patients (31 ), polycystic kidney disease in 13 patients (17 ), reflux nephropathy in 4 patients (5 ), and others/unknown in 21 patients (27 ). Median time on dialysis (dialysis vintage) was 20 months (interquartile range, 7 to 36 months). 48 patients (62 ) received kidneys from living related donors, and 30 patients (38 ) from deceased donors. Median donor age was 49 years (interquartile range, 42 to 57 years). Median time interval since transplantation was 35 months (interquartile range, 10 to 88 months). The number of patients with renal allograft presenting with chronic kidney disease stage 1 (glomerular filtration rate 90 mL/min per 1.73 m2), stage 2 (glomerular filtration rate between 60 to 89 mL/min per 1.73 m2), stage 3 (glomerular filtration rate between 30 and 59 mL/min per 1.73 m2), stage 4 (glomerular filtration rate between 15 and 29 mL/min per 1.73 m2), and stage 5 (glomerular filtration rate ,15 mL/min per 12926553 1.73 m2) were 5 (6 ), 22 (28 ), 38 (49 ), 12 (16 ), 1 (1 ), respectively. For all patients the.