Of SXT/R391 ICEs. Only 95 identity with ICEVchInd4 (from O139) with

Of SXT/R391 ICEs. Only 95 identity with ICEVchInd4 (from O139) with origin in Kolkata (group 1of ICEs) and no relation/ identity was observed with the third group of ICEs containing the Matlab variant/ICEVchBan9 [7,9,30]. Persistence of this ICEVchInd5 element in India till 2005 has also been documented [7]. In this study, the continued presence of ICEVchInd5 till 2009 and its preponderance in V. cholerae O1 El Tor Ogawa clinical isolates is shown from Kolkata. It would be pertinent to state here that in this laboratory, earlier work with V. fluvialis clinical isolate BD146 had indicated horizontal transfer of a plasmid between V. fluvialis and V. cholerae O1 [17]. Results described in this paper again indicate the possibility of transfer of an SXT element between these two Vibrio species. Though partially proved, further work would be required to prove the sibling relationships 23727046 of these ICEs and complete characterization of the genetic content of these ICE elements probed in the present study [7]. These studies aimed at understanding the molecular nature of antibiotic resistance do not really help clinical manangement of the diseases but they are an important insight into the evolution and dissemination of the deadly pathogens that traverse the varied geographical and climatic conditions to give rise to an outbreak or a pandemic.AcknowledgmentsAuthors are thankful to Dr. Amit Ghosh, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India for his sound advice. Authors thankfully acknowledge the support provided by Prof. V. K. Chaudhary, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi. Authors order CAL 120 gratefully acknowledge the advice and technical support provided by P. Mohanty and K. Vinothkumar.Author ContributionsConceived and designed the experiments: AKB. Performed the experiments: BMRNSK NR HU AKB TR. Analyzed the data: AKB NR BMRNSK HU TR. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: AKB TR. Wrote the paper: AKB NR BMRNSK.
The evolutionarily conserved and highly abundant eukaryotic AAA (ATPase associated with various cellular activities) ATPase Cdc48 (also known as TER94 in Drosophila and as p97 and VCP in mammals) has emerged as an important motor and regulator for the turnover of ubiquitylated proteins [1?]. It converts chemical energy released by ATP hydrolysis into mechanical force in order to drive the segregation of ubiquitylated substrate proteins from stable protein complexes, membranes, and chromatin [1,3?]. Cdc48 plays central roles in the proteasomal degradation of protein quality control targets, cell cycle regulators, and transcription factors [3,4,6]. Recently, 15900046 Cdc48 has also been implicated in the Dimethylenastron web lysosomal degradation of proteins delivered via autophagic and endosomal pathways [3,4,7]. Thus, Cdc48 is involved in the three major routes of regulated intracellular proteolysis in eukaryotes. In addition, Cdc48 has been shown to function in non-proteolytic processes in the fusion of homotypic membrane vesicles of the Endoplasmic Reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and the nuclear envelope [8,9]. The involvement of Cdc48 in such diverse cellular processes requires tight control of its activity. Indeed, a large number of cofactor proteins regulate central aspects of Cdc48 function, including its subcellular localization and substrate specificity[2,3,10]. The mutual exclusive binding of two major cofactors, the heterodimer Ufd1-Npl4 and Shp1 (also known as p47 in vertebrates), defines two distinct Cdc48 complexes, Cdc48Ufd1-Npl4.Of SXT/R391 ICEs. Only 95 identity with ICEVchInd4 (from O139) with origin in Kolkata (group 1of ICEs) and no relation/ identity was observed with the third group of ICEs containing the Matlab variant/ICEVchBan9 [7,9,30]. Persistence of this ICEVchInd5 element in India till 2005 has also been documented [7]. In this study, the continued presence of ICEVchInd5 till 2009 and its preponderance in V. cholerae O1 El Tor Ogawa clinical isolates is shown from Kolkata. It would be pertinent to state here that in this laboratory, earlier work with V. fluvialis clinical isolate BD146 had indicated horizontal transfer of a plasmid between V. fluvialis and V. cholerae O1 [17]. Results described in this paper again indicate the possibility of transfer of an SXT element between these two Vibrio species. Though partially proved, further work would be required to prove the sibling relationships 23727046 of these ICEs and complete characterization of the genetic content of these ICE elements probed in the present study [7]. These studies aimed at understanding the molecular nature of antibiotic resistance do not really help clinical manangement of the diseases but they are an important insight into the evolution and dissemination of the deadly pathogens that traverse the varied geographical and climatic conditions to give rise to an outbreak or a pandemic.AcknowledgmentsAuthors are thankful to Dr. Amit Ghosh, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India for his sound advice. Authors thankfully acknowledge the support provided by Prof. V. K. Chaudhary, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi. Authors gratefully acknowledge the advice and technical support provided by P. Mohanty and K. Vinothkumar.Author ContributionsConceived and designed the experiments: AKB. Performed the experiments: BMRNSK NR HU AKB TR. Analyzed the data: AKB NR BMRNSK HU TR. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: AKB TR. Wrote the paper: AKB NR BMRNSK.
The evolutionarily conserved and highly abundant eukaryotic AAA (ATPase associated with various cellular activities) ATPase Cdc48 (also known as TER94 in Drosophila and as p97 and VCP in mammals) has emerged as an important motor and regulator for the turnover of ubiquitylated proteins [1?]. It converts chemical energy released by ATP hydrolysis into mechanical force in order to drive the segregation of ubiquitylated substrate proteins from stable protein complexes, membranes, and chromatin [1,3?]. Cdc48 plays central roles in the proteasomal degradation of protein quality control targets, cell cycle regulators, and transcription factors [3,4,6]. Recently, 15900046 Cdc48 has also been implicated in the lysosomal degradation of proteins delivered via autophagic and endosomal pathways [3,4,7]. Thus, Cdc48 is involved in the three major routes of regulated intracellular proteolysis in eukaryotes. In addition, Cdc48 has been shown to function in non-proteolytic processes in the fusion of homotypic membrane vesicles of the Endoplasmic Reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and the nuclear envelope [8,9]. The involvement of Cdc48 in such diverse cellular processes requires tight control of its activity. Indeed, a large number of cofactor proteins regulate central aspects of Cdc48 function, including its subcellular localization and substrate specificity[2,3,10]. The mutual exclusive binding of two major cofactors, the heterodimer Ufd1-Npl4 and Shp1 (also known as p47 in vertebrates), defines two distinct Cdc48 complexes, Cdc48Ufd1-Npl4.