The profile of lipid mediators is dominated by high levels of LTD4, LTE4, and PGD2

, 2012, Vol. 40, No. 19 9909 A mini-gene SR expression vector T7 SR B -T7 T7 37 KDa RNA protein C D 13S 12S 9S GAPDH E F Pre-mRNA mRNA proximal 5′ ss mRNA distal 5′ ss GAPDH 9910 Nucleic Acids Research, 2012, Vol. 40, No. 19 and thus indicate that PfSR1 functions as a bona fide SR protein. Analyses of the dynamic cellular localization of PfSR1 during IDC indicates that its RS domain function as NLS In higher eukaryotes it was shown that several SR protein shuttle between the cytoplasm and the nucleus and that specific protein domains are important for proper cellular localization. It was recently shown that the dynamic cellular localization of PfSR1 during the IDC correlates with the localization of PfSRPK1. Therefore, we were interested to investigate whether the RRM domains and/or the RS domain have a role in determining the cellular localization of PfSR1. We ectopically expressed the entire PfSR1 protein as well as three mutants in which either RRM1, RRM2 or the RS domains had been deleted. These mutants were named RRM1, RRM2 and RS, respectively. The entire pfsr1 as well as the mutated genes were cloned into the expression vector pHBISR1myc fused to a myc epitope tag that enables specific immuno-fluorescence visualization. These constructs also express the bsd resistance gene that allows us to select for parasite populations that stably carry the episomes using drug selection with blasticidin S. Interestingly, we found that the RS mutants had a different cellular localization than that of the entire PfSR1 protein or the RRM mutants. In early ring AZ-6102 stages the complete PfSR1-myc as well as RRM mutants localizes to the nucleus in foci that are mainly located at the nuclear periphery. This pattern changes later during the IDC in trophozoites, schizonts and in gametocytes, in which PfSR1-myc and all the mutated forms of PfSR1 are detected both in the nucleus and in the cytoplasm. It is also apparent that the cytoplasmic location of these different isoforms is restricted to regions that are outside the parasite’s food vacuole. Remarkably though, the RS mutant proteins are located in the cytoplasm and not in the nucleus indicating that the RS domain is essential for nuclear targeting of PfSR1. Altogether these results indicate that the cellular location of PfSR1 in the parasite is dynamic during IDC and that nuclear localization of PfSR1 is determined by the RS domain. Proper expression of the pfsr1 gene is essential for proliferation of blood stages parasites In mammals, it was possible to over-express PubMed ID:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19815280 SRSF1 only by $2-fold before the over-expressed cells underwent apoptosis. Interestingly, in our IF assays on parasites that were transfected with the pHBISR1myc constructs, we were able to detect fluorescent signal only from a portion of the parasite population while many parasites were not stained. This suggests that episomal expression of PfSR1 is not obtained from the entire parasite population. This assumption was also supported by the fact that the detection of PfSR1-myc by western blot analysis was very inefficient and required a large amount of parasites. These results suggest that ectopic over-expression of the pfsr1 gene could interfere with the proper proliferation of P. falciparum in RBCs. The plasmid pHBISR1myc is a great transgenic tool that enables both ectopic protein expression as well as fine tuned and a precise over-expression in P. falciparum by forcing the parasite to carry increasing copy numbers of the over-expression